A Review of Isolation Attack Mitigation Mechanisms in RPLBased 6LoWPAN of Internet of Things
Abstract
The Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) is an open standard routing protocol defined by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) to address the constraints of IPv6 over Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPAN). RPL is susceptible to various attacks, including isolation attacks, in which a node or a set of RPL nodes can be isolated from the rest of the network. Three significant isolation attacks are the black hole attack (BHA), selective forwarding attack (SFA), and destination advertisement object (DAO) inconsistency attack (DAO-IA). In a BHA, a malicious node drops all packets intended for transmission silently. In an SFA, a malicious node forwards only selected packets and drops the other received packets. In a DAO-IA, a malicious node drops the received data packet and replies with a forwarding error packet, causing the parent node to discard valid downward routes from the routing table. We review the literature on proposed mechanisms, propose a taxonomy, and analyze the features, limitations, and performance metrics of existing mechanisms. Researchers primarily focus on power consumption as the key performance metric when mitigating BHA (47%), SFA (51%), and DAO-IA (100%), with downward latency being the least addressed metric for BHA (4%) and SFA (3%), and control packet overhead being the least addressed for DAO-IA (37%). Finally, we discuss the unresolved issues and research challenges in mitigating RPL isolation attacks.
Keywords:
IoT, LLN, 6LoWPAN, isolation attacks, black hole, selective forwarding, DAO inconsistencyReferences
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11. A. Mayzaud, R. Badonnel, I. Chrisment, A taxonomy of attacks in RPL-based Internet of Things, International Journal of Network Security, 18(3): 459–473, 2016, doi: 10.6633/ IJNS.201605.18(3).07.
12. A. Verma, V. Ranga, Security of RPL based 6LoWPAN networks in the Internet of Things: A review, IEEE Sensor Journal, 20(11): 5666–5690, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2020.2973677
13. S.M. Muzammal, R.K. Murugesan, N.Z. Jhanjhi, A comprehensive review on secure routing in Internet of Things: Mitigation methods and trust-based approaches, IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 8(6): 4186–4210, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2020.3031162
14. J. Granjal, E. Monteiro, J. Sa Silva, Security for the Internet of Things: A survey of existing protocols and open research issues, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 17(3): 1294–1312, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1109/COMST.2015.2388550
15. P. Pongle, G. Chavan, A survey: Attacks on RPL and 6LoWPAN in IoT, [in:] 2015 International Conference on Pervasive Computing (ICPC), Pune, India, pp. 1–6, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1109/PERVASIVE.2015.7087034
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18. A. Mathur, T. Newe, M. Rao, Defence against black hole and selective forwarding attacks for medical WSNs in the IoT, Sensors, 16(1): 118, 2016, https://doi.org/10.3390/S16010118
19. T. Zhang, T. Zhang, X. Ji, W. Xu, Cuckoo-RPL: Cuckoo filter based RPL for defending AMI network from blackhole attacks, [in:] 2019 Chinese Control Conference (CCC), Guangzhou, China, pp. 8920–8925, 2019, https://doi.org/10.23919/ChiCC.2019.8866139
20. J. Jiang, Y. Liu, B. Dezfouli, A root-based defense mechanism against RPL blackhole attacks in Internet of Things networks, [in:] 2018 Asia-Pacific Signal and Information Processing Association Annual Summit and Conference (APSIPA ASC), Honolulu, HI, USA, pp. 1194–1199, 2018, https://doi.org/10.23919/APSIPA.2018.8659504
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22. D. Airehrour, J. Gutierrez, S.K. Ray, A trust-aware RPL routing protocol to detect blackhole and selective forwarding attacks, Journal of Telecommunications and the Digital Economy, 5(1): 50–69, 2017, https://doi.org/10.18080/ajtde.v5n1.88
23. V. Kiran, S. Rani, P. Singh, Towards a light weight routing security in IoT using noncooperative game models and Dempster–Shaffer theory, Wireless Personal Communications, 110(4): 1729–1749, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1007/S11277-019-06809-W
24. S.Y. Hashemi, F. Shams Aliee, Dynamic and comprehensive trust model for IoT and its integration into RPL, Journal of Supercomputing, 75(7): 3555–3584, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1007/S11227-018-2700-3
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